Thursday, June 14, 2007
Friday, June 1, 2007
Airlock In In Floor Heat
One of the greatest feats of Alexander the Great was the conquest of Tyre (southern Beirut, Lebanon) after six months of violent assault. But all the credit was great strategist and his troops? A study by the European Centre for Research and Teaching of Environmental Geosciences in Aix-en-Provence (PNAS), besides the work of Alejandro engineers who built a one kilometer causeway linking the Phoenician coast territory to ancient island of Tyre, the forces of Nature took his side to allow you to take the city.
In 332 BC, Tyre was a Phoenician city-state's most important. It had about 40,000 inhabitants, who based part of its economic prosperity in the enviable position geographical island, with two fortified ports located off the coast and surrounded by a giant wall of about 45 meters high. Some elements that led to Alexander's troops to fight alongside the walls almost seven months before continuing their advance eastward in search of the Persian Darius III Codomano.
The scientists, led by Dr. Nick Marriner, analyzed the records of coastal sediments of the past 10,000 years to find out how Alexander's engineers exploited a natural sand bridge, which was generated by large waves remains of sediments and low force to form a permanent link with the mainland. According to the authors, makes between 8,000 and 6,000 years ago there were shallow marine environments of the six miles that separated the island from the mainland. It was then when a slowing sea level rise postglaciar and dispersion of wave energy in Tyre led to a natural growth of a sandbar that connected the island to the coast. Only the use of these natural sublittoral isthmus, used by the Alexandrian troops to build an artificial bridge, allowed to break the defenses of the island.
But what really was the siege of Tyre? The siege of Tyre is one of the great chapters of the campaign of Alexander in Asia and which can be seen tireless visionary character of Macedonian. The ancient city was conquered in 373 BC by the Babylonians, but the troops of King Nebuchadnezzar could not handle the small island, which was fortified more and more until it became almost invincible. Thirteen years passed before the Babylonians left the ancient city of Tyre and forty for the island could be conquered.
it advanced to the East in 332 BC, Alexander the Great, conscious of its strength after the military parade which saw the conquest of Sidon, Tyre set out to conquer and offer a sacrifice at the Temple of Melkart-Hercules. Alejandro underestimated the strength and pride of Tyre. Making a direct attack was impossible due to strength of the island so that Alexander the Great gathered his group of architects, Larissa Diades to the head, and entrusted the construction of the largest known siege engines while a spring that was created was to cover the distance Phoenician release separating the island of Tyre. War machines are mounted on platforms supported by several triremes had catapults batteries with torsion springs that were capable of firing huge rocks horizontally, and on top Ballistae throwing stones and incendiary projectiles parabolic sense. At the top had stairs that would be deployed to make the towers. After
increase its navy with 300 ships and neutralize Sidonian Tyrian fleet, Alexander began the siege of the city. Began the attack with the help of boats and floating war machines for the weaker party (Melkart Island, south), thus making a hole in the wall. After three days of storm, Admetus and Coen commanded the second attack and made it through the walls, however, the defense continued and Alexander made the final attack, taking first the palace and then the rest of the island.
During the attack, the city was devastated and nearly 8,000 died Tyre, of which 2,000 were crucified and hung from the top of the walls. It also killed about 400 men Alexander the Great. The rest of Tyre were captured and sold into slavery, sparing only those who took refuge in the temple. Finally, on the ruins of the island, Alexander offered a sacrifice to Hercules Melkart, which took place after the parades and festivals.
With this victory Alexander the Great was able to secure the conquest of the entire east coast, preventing the Persians attacked Greece at any time and obtaining a reliable supply for his army in its relentless advance toward the Persian Empire.
During the attack, the city was devastated and nearly 8,000 died Tyre, of which 2,000 were crucified and hung from the top of the walls. It also killed about 400 men Alexander the Great. The rest of Tyre were captured and sold into slavery, sparing only those who took refuge in the temple. Finally, on the ruins of the island, Alexander offered a sacrifice to Hercules Melkart, which took place after the parades and festivals.
With this victory Alexander the Great was able to secure the conquest of the entire east coast, preventing the Persians attacked Greece at any time and obtaining a reliable supply for his army in its relentless advance toward the Persian Empire.
Monday, February 26, 2007
Can I Mixmiralax In Advance?
The story is filled with legends and fables that stand the test of time. Someone said that historians, in order to avoid the inconvenience of investigations, are copied each other, so that the legends become an essential part of history will not go into that discussion, but the truth is any myth that has preserved the tenacity of a tendentious legend spread Durate centuries by medieval schools: the burning of the library of Alexandria at the hands of the Arabs when they conquered the city in the seventh century. The Arabs could never fire the Great Library of Alexandria, even the small library, and when the troops of 'Amr came to the city in 641, and for hundreds of years did not exist. What they found was a divided city, Arabs, ruined and exhausted by centuries of civil strife.
We've all heard of the Library of Alexandria, but what is its history? Alexandria, founded near the Nile delta by Alexander the Great on 30 March 331 BC, it housed the largest library of classical antiquity. It appears from the writings of the Greek bishop St. Irenaeus (130-208 AD) Ptolemy I Soter, one of the best generals of Alexander and founder of a dynasty of Greek blood in Egypt, founded the Library and Museum in the year 295 BC, thanks the board of the Greek scholars Eudoxus, Demetrio de Falero, its first director and librarian, and Aristotle himself. His son, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, carried out the construction of the lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Classic, and the Museum, the latter considered the first university in the world in its modern sense, since he purchased and included in the libraries of Aristotle and Theophrastus, collecting 400,000 books multiple (symoniguís) and 90,000 single (amiguis), as is asserted by the Byzantine scholar John Tzetzes (c.1110-c.1180) based on a 'Letter of Aristeas' -century BC
At that time the manuscripts were written on sheets of papyrus, a very abundant plant in Egypt que crece en las orillas del Nilo. Según nos informa Plinio el Viejo (23-79 d.C) en su obra Historia Natural , a causa de la rivalidad de la Biblioteca de Pérgamo (Asia Menor) con la Biblioteca de Alejandría, Ptolomeo Filadelfos prohibió la exportación de papiro; en consecuencia, en Pérgamo se inició el uso del pergamino; éste se conseguía preparando la piel de cordero, de asno, de potro y de becerro, siendo el pergamino más resistente que la hoja de papiro y además ofrecía la ventaja de que se podía escribir sobre ambos lados.
Ptolomeo III Everguétis será el fundador de la Biblioteca-hija en el Serapeum (templo dedicado a Serapis, una divinidad derived from the union of Osiris and Apis identified with Dionysus), the Acropolis hill Rhakotis, which will add 700,000 books, according to the Latin writer Aulus Gellius (123-165 AD). This will eventually replace the Library-mother to the late first century BC, after the arson attack during the struggle between the legionnaires of Caesar and the Ptolemaic forces of Aquila, between August 48 and January 47 BC at the port of Alexandria. The Great Library was the largest, richest and most important of the ancient world, surpassing rivals Athens and Antioch. Not only Greeks but Egyptians, Phoenicians, Arabs, Persians, Jews and Indians looked on file and sat stone in their banks under their porches, watching the lighthouse and the blue sea ... Greek culture was enriched here, like the rest, through contact with others.
Its proximity to the sea was accidental because of his tragic fate. The legendary library burned as a result of military action by Julius Caesar. It has a Hispanic nephew of Seneca, historian Marcus Annaeus Lucan (39-65 AD), in his Pharsalia : Julius Caesar, in 47 a. C., awkwardly engaged in the dynastic rivalries Alexandrian, and besieged by General Achillas in the royal palace of Lochie, beside the sea, fire sent its own fleet, more than sixty ships anchored in the Grand Harbour East. The fire quickly spread to the docks, and from these to the royal city and the tanks of the Library ... "neighboring houses to the docks on fire, the wind contributed to the disaster, the flames were blown to fury like meteors over the rooftops. The Egyptian soldiers had to leave the site of Caesar to try to save Alexandria from the flames " . Lucius Annaeus Seneca mentioned in 'De tranquilitate animi' the figure of forty thousand books were burned, citing his source, Livy, a contemporary of the disaster. Plutarch also records fire in his Life of Caesar. July Caesar, however, in his Bellum Civile describes the battle, but mutes the disastrous fire in the Library, chicanery that only serves to put even more clearly their responsibility in the unfortunate accident. Others also be silent, as Strabo, Appiano or Cicero. And no one, until the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty dare contradict the vesion of Julius Caesar. Only dared to break the political censorship classes and Republican Senate opposed the rule and considered to Julius Caesar as a tyrant.
The fate of the Library-daughter was not much better. During the fourth century AD, after the proclamation of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, the safety of Greek sanctuaries began to be threatened. The old Christians of the Thebaid and Monophysite adherents Library hated because it was in their eyes, the citadel of disbelief, the last stronghold of pagan science. At that time seemed unthinkable a century earlier there had studied and trained hundreds of disciples as a philosopher Plotinus (205-270), founder of Neoplatonism.
The situation became particularly acute during the reign of Theodosius I (375-395 AD), the emperor did not accept to take the pagan title of Pontifex Maximus and tried to stop with heresy and paganism. By order of Theophilus, Monophysite bishop of Alexandria, who had sought and obtained an imperial decree, the Serapeum, the complex containing the Library precious daughters and other outbuildings were destroyed and looted. After the edict of Emperor Theodosius I ordered pagan temples closed, this magnificent Library-daughter was killed by Christians in 391, when the violent destruction and burning of the Alexandrian Serapeum, the flames swept there last ancient library . According to the Alexandrian Chronicles A V century manuscript, was the Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria, Theophilus (385-412) known for his fanatic zeal in the destruction of pagan temples, the destroyer Serapeum violent. The historian and theologian Visigothic Paulo Orosius (c. 418 AD), disciple of St. Augustine in his History against the pagans certify that the Library of Alexandria in 415 AD there was no .: "Your closet empty of books ... were looted by men of our time " .
His disappearance meant the loss of approximately 80% of science and Greek civilization, as well as very important legacies of Asian and African cultures, which resulted in the stagnation of scientific progress for over four years until it would be reactivated during the Golden Age of Islam (IX-XII centuries) by scholars of the stature of ar-Razi, al-Battani, al-Farabi, Avicenna, al-Biruni, al-Haytham , Averroes and many others.
We've all heard of the Library of Alexandria, but what is its history? Alexandria, founded near the Nile delta by Alexander the Great on 30 March 331 BC, it housed the largest library of classical antiquity. It appears from the writings of the Greek bishop St. Irenaeus (130-208 AD) Ptolemy I Soter, one of the best generals of Alexander and founder of a dynasty of Greek blood in Egypt, founded the Library and Museum in the year 295 BC, thanks the board of the Greek scholars Eudoxus, Demetrio de Falero, its first director and librarian, and Aristotle himself. His son, Ptolemy II Philadelphus, carried out the construction of the lighthouse, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Classic, and the Museum, the latter considered the first university in the world in its modern sense, since he purchased and included in the libraries of Aristotle and Theophrastus, collecting 400,000 books multiple (symoniguís) and 90,000 single (amiguis), as is asserted by the Byzantine scholar John Tzetzes (c.1110-c.1180) based on a 'Letter of Aristeas' -century BC
At that time the manuscripts were written on sheets of papyrus, a very abundant plant in Egypt que crece en las orillas del Nilo. Según nos informa Plinio el Viejo (23-79 d.C) en su obra Historia Natural , a causa de la rivalidad de la Biblioteca de Pérgamo (Asia Menor) con la Biblioteca de Alejandría, Ptolomeo Filadelfos prohibió la exportación de papiro; en consecuencia, en Pérgamo se inició el uso del pergamino; éste se conseguía preparando la piel de cordero, de asno, de potro y de becerro, siendo el pergamino más resistente que la hoja de papiro y además ofrecía la ventaja de que se podía escribir sobre ambos lados.
Ptolomeo III Everguétis será el fundador de la Biblioteca-hija en el Serapeum (templo dedicado a Serapis, una divinidad derived from the union of Osiris and Apis identified with Dionysus), the Acropolis hill Rhakotis, which will add 700,000 books, according to the Latin writer Aulus Gellius (123-165 AD). This will eventually replace the Library-mother to the late first century BC, after the arson attack during the struggle between the legionnaires of Caesar and the Ptolemaic forces of Aquila, between August 48 and January 47 BC at the port of Alexandria. The Great Library was the largest, richest and most important of the ancient world, surpassing rivals Athens and Antioch. Not only Greeks but Egyptians, Phoenicians, Arabs, Persians, Jews and Indians looked on file and sat stone in their banks under their porches, watching the lighthouse and the blue sea ... Greek culture was enriched here, like the rest, through contact with others.
Its proximity to the sea was accidental because of his tragic fate. The legendary library burned as a result of military action by Julius Caesar. It has a Hispanic nephew of Seneca, historian Marcus Annaeus Lucan (39-65 AD), in his Pharsalia : Julius Caesar, in 47 a. C., awkwardly engaged in the dynastic rivalries Alexandrian, and besieged by General Achillas in the royal palace of Lochie, beside the sea, fire sent its own fleet, more than sixty ships anchored in the Grand Harbour East. The fire quickly spread to the docks, and from these to the royal city and the tanks of the Library ... "neighboring houses to the docks on fire, the wind contributed to the disaster, the flames were blown to fury like meteors over the rooftops. The Egyptian soldiers had to leave the site of Caesar to try to save Alexandria from the flames " . Lucius Annaeus Seneca mentioned in 'De tranquilitate animi' the figure of forty thousand books were burned, citing his source, Livy, a contemporary of the disaster. Plutarch also records fire in his Life of Caesar. July Caesar, however, in his Bellum Civile describes the battle, but mutes the disastrous fire in the Library, chicanery that only serves to put even more clearly their responsibility in the unfortunate accident. Others also be silent, as Strabo, Appiano or Cicero. And no one, until the end of the Julio-Claudian dynasty dare contradict the vesion of Julius Caesar. Only dared to break the political censorship classes and Republican Senate opposed the rule and considered to Julius Caesar as a tyrant.
The fate of the Library-daughter was not much better. During the fourth century AD, after the proclamation of Christianity as the official religion of the Roman Empire, the safety of Greek sanctuaries began to be threatened. The old Christians of the Thebaid and Monophysite adherents Library hated because it was in their eyes, the citadel of disbelief, the last stronghold of pagan science. At that time seemed unthinkable a century earlier there had studied and trained hundreds of disciples as a philosopher Plotinus (205-270), founder of Neoplatonism.
The situation became particularly acute during the reign of Theodosius I (375-395 AD), the emperor did not accept to take the pagan title of Pontifex Maximus and tried to stop with heresy and paganism. By order of Theophilus, Monophysite bishop of Alexandria, who had sought and obtained an imperial decree, the Serapeum, the complex containing the Library precious daughters and other outbuildings were destroyed and looted. After the edict of Emperor Theodosius I ordered pagan temples closed, this magnificent Library-daughter was killed by Christians in 391, when the violent destruction and burning of the Alexandrian Serapeum, the flames swept there last ancient library . According to the Alexandrian Chronicles A V century manuscript, was the Monophysite patriarch of Alexandria, Theophilus (385-412) known for his fanatic zeal in the destruction of pagan temples, the destroyer Serapeum violent. The historian and theologian Visigothic Paulo Orosius (c. 418 AD), disciple of St. Augustine in his History against the pagans certify that the Library of Alexandria in 415 AD there was no .: "Your closet empty of books ... were looted by men of our time " .
His disappearance meant the loss of approximately 80% of science and Greek civilization, as well as very important legacies of Asian and African cultures, which resulted in the stagnation of scientific progress for over four years until it would be reactivated during the Golden Age of Islam (IX-XII centuries) by scholars of the stature of ar-Razi, al-Battani, al-Farabi, Avicenna, al-Biruni, al-Haytham , Averroes and many others.
Tuesday, February 13, 2007
Swollen Toe Days After Cut
Alexandria Library Workers of the world, unite!
few days ago I saw a family of sub-Saharan immigrants, and at nightfall, searching through the remains of expired food or bad that a supermarket chain had put in a huge trash bins by the back door. I can not imagine how hard it must be scavenging for food, but less than I could imagine the dehumanization of the people until I heard a woman walking in front of me stopped short to say: Let them go to your fucking country! Slag!.
I've always seen immigrants as workers fleeing poverty in their countries of origin to survive more or less success, in the geopolitical space called "first world", a term paradigm because it is not a unitary category, as that under the umbrella of "first world" from the wealthiest families are economical to the highest poverty situations extreme. Only one fact: the last works of Timothy Smeeding indicate that 20% of the U.S. population living below the absolute poverty threshold.
Globalization is bringing global processes that separate vertical polarization increasingly political-economic elites, together with the transnational business enterprise, population working. Globalization accentuates the processes of social inequality by expanding the dynamics of "wild capitalism" to all regions of the world, so only a structural change could turn the situation.
should stop seeing immigrants as a threat that jeopardizes the work in first world countries and see them for what they are, workers fleeing a situation of social injustice. Just being able to see that immigrants suffer some exploitative labor situations similar to those in other measures, have first-world workers can overcome their differences. Therefore, and for different forms of exploitation disguised affecting workers around the world, looking to reclaim the banner of Marx:
After reading the harsh conditions they are forced to deal with Asian and sub-Saharan immigrants in the ship "Marine I" after more than two-month voyage, I want to do a personal reflection about the world in which we live, this period of world history we commonly call "Globalization."
few days ago I saw a family of sub-Saharan immigrants, and at nightfall, searching through the remains of expired food or bad that a supermarket chain had put in a huge trash bins by the back door. I can not imagine how hard it must be scavenging for food, but less than I could imagine the dehumanization of the people until I heard a woman walking in front of me stopped short to say: Let them go to your fucking country! Slag!.
I've always seen immigrants as workers fleeing poverty in their countries of origin to survive more or less success, in the geopolitical space called "first world", a term paradigm because it is not a unitary category, as that under the umbrella of "first world" from the wealthiest families are economical to the highest poverty situations extreme. Only one fact: the last works of Timothy Smeeding indicate that 20% of the U.S. population living below the absolute poverty threshold.
Globalization is bringing global processes that separate vertical polarization increasingly political-economic elites, together with the transnational business enterprise, population working. Globalization accentuates the processes of social inequality by expanding the dynamics of "wild capitalism" to all regions of the world, so only a structural change could turn the situation.
should stop seeing immigrants as a threat that jeopardizes the work in first world countries and see them for what they are, workers fleeing a situation of social injustice. Just being able to see that immigrants suffer some exploitative labor situations similar to those in other measures, have first-world workers can overcome their differences. Therefore, and for different forms of exploitation disguised affecting workers around the world, looking to reclaim the banner of Marx:
WORKERS OF THE WORLD, UNITE!
Subscribe to:
Comments (Atom)