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The annihilation of civilizations

Today I propose to open an entry on the Iraq war. I will not mention the military occupation of civilian massacres, systematic torture and the plunder of natural resources. There are many ways to destroy a village and one of them goes through the destruction of its history and cultural heritage, destruction aimed to erase the historical legacy of the changing flow of Iraqi history. But the big warlords forget a small detail: the annihilation of Iraqi history is the destruction of our history because you no matter who likes it, the origin of agriculture, state and so rhetorically what we call civilization surguió located somewhere between the Tigris and Euphrates .

In the words of William R. Polk, founder of the Center for Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Chicago, " was there 7,000 years ago in what the Greeks called Mesopotamia, which started life as we know it today: there people first began to speculate on philosophy and religion, developed concepts of international trade, made ideas of beauty into tangible forms, and above all developed the skill of writing. " In fact, it is associated elsewhere in the Bible, with the exception of Israel, with more history than Babylonia, Shinar (Sumer), and Mesopotamia - different names for the territory that the British began to call "Iraq" shortly before of the First World War to the point that most of the first books of Genesis take place in enclaves located in Iraq, for example, Genesis 10:10 and 11:31; Daniel 1-4, and II Kings 24 .

is not the first time in the course of a war we proceed to the destruction of heritage culture of a people, in fact, one could argue that this is a recurrent activity designed to further humiliate the losers if that is possible. But with Iraqi cultural plunder and annihilation have been intentional and unnecessary as an exceptional case. In the era of televised warfare, the guided missiles that theoretically minimize the number of victims of targeted attacks and "collateral damage", the cultural annihilation of the vanquished still valid.

On April 10, 2003, in a televised speech, President Bush acknowledged that the Iraqi people "heir of a great civilization that contributes to all mankind. " Only two days later, under the complacent eyes of the U.S. Army, the Iraqis began to lose that heritage in a swirl of looting and burning which included the looting of Baghdad's National Museum, the fire in the Library and National Archives and Library of Korans at the Ministry of Religious Endowments. Some disasters that were, according to Paul Zimansky, an archaeologist at Boston University, "the greatest cultural disaster of the last 500 years" . Although Eleanor Robson of All Souls College, Oxford, he went further to ensure that "we must go back centuries, to the Mongol invasion of Baghdad in 1258, to find looting on this scale ". However, U.S. Secretary of State Donald Rumsfeld compared the looting to the aftermath of a soccer game and said "freedom is untidy ... Free people have the freedom to make mistakes and commit crimes" .

Until April 2003, around the site of Ur, a city of more than 3.ooo years old located near Nasiriyah, was still being investigated by an international group of archaeologists who were forced to leave the country a few days before war. The U.S. military chose the land immediately adjacent to the ziggurat to build its huge Tallil Air Base with two runways of 4,000 and 3,200 meters long respectively and four satellite camps. In doing so, military engineers moved more than 9,500 truckloads of earth to build 32,500 meters square of hangars and other facilities for aircraft and drones. Completely ruined the area, the literal heart of human civilization, for any archaeological research or future tourism. On October 24, 2003, according to Global Security Organization, the Army and Air Force built its own modern ziggurat "opened its second Burger King at Tallil. The new facility co-located a Pizza Hut, says that there is another Burger King restaurant so that more soldiers of both sexes who served in Iraq can, if only for a moment, forget their homework in the desert and get a whiff of that familiar scent that returns home ".

U.S. behavior elsewhere in Iraq was not better. In Babylon, U.S. and Polish forces built a military depot, despite objections from archaeologists. John Curtis, the authority over Iraq's numerous archaeological sites of the British Museum, reported on a visit in December 2004 in which saw "cracks and gaps where somebody had tried to chisel out the decorated bricks forming the famous dragons of the Ishtar Gate and a floor of 2,600-year-old rammed by military vehicles. " Other observers say that the dust raised by U.S. helicopters had eroded the fragile brick façade of the palace of Nebuchadnezzar II, king of Babylon from 605 to 562 BC. Moreover, the archaeologist Zainab Bahrani said "between May and August 2004, the wall of the Temple of Nabu and the roof of the Temple of Ninmah, both sixth century BC, collapsed as a result of the movement of helicopters. Nearby , machinery and heavy vehicles are parked on the remains of a Greek theater from the era of Alexander of Macedonia (Alexander Great) ".

Supporters of the Iraq war have talked endlessly about his global war against terrorism as a "clash of civilizations" . But the civilization we are destroying in Iraq is part of our own heritage and world heritage. Before the invasion of Afghanistan, condemned the Taliban for blowing up the monumental third century Buddhist statues in Bamiyan DC in 2001. They were two gigantic statues of remarkable historical value and the barbarism involved in their destruction was proclaimed in headlines and horrified commentaries in the world. Today, governments that proclaim aladiles of freedom and direct democracy more serious crimes when it comes to the destruction of a whole universe of antiquity, but few seem to take this into account although it may be well recorded in the memory of others.

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Tatanka Yotanka

"It is strange that the white men complain that we kill the bison.
We do this to eat and dress.
to keep our homes warm.
Your children kill for pleasure.
call us savages ... And they are ...?"

Yotanka Tatanka (Sitting Bull). Hunkpapa Sioux chief.

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Flores unhealthy and artificial paradises. Art and Mythology

After several months of travel, rest and canine talks back to breathe some life into this haven of anthropological, historical and artistic. Today I will not revive any classical myth, dust romantic artwork or archaeological question.

Tonight I feel like remembering a poem I read many years ago attracted by the bohemian excesses, the smile of the green fairy, the dream of the ether, the heat of opium and the artificial paradise that enveloped the life of the author to lead to death. I am referring to Charles Baudelaire, yes, the poet paranoid, suicidal, bankrupt, alcoholic, syphilitic and finally paraplegic, who hid under his decrepitude superficial one of the greatest literary talents of the nineteenth. Baudelaire

delves into the beauty of the seemingly ugly, in the symbolism of death in the pursuit of truth and the decadent romanticism of the poems to offer as suggestive as this one. Enjoy the worm to gnaw the skin you.

POSTHUMOUS REMORSE.

When sleep at last, my gloomy beauty,
inside a large tomb in black marble,
when you only by
mansion bedroom and a rainy cemetery and a grave in the earth;

where it prevents the stone on his chest
fearful and those hips of a soft indolence,
the beating and love is in your heart,
and your feet to continue his eventful career, confident

the grave of my infinite sleep
-grave because he always goes to a poet to understand the
at night so long that sleep is absent,

will say, "What do you serve, court imperfect
for ignoring what the dead cry? "
And the worm will gnaw your skin nostalgic.

Charles Baudelaire. The Flowers of Evil.

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After several entries related to demonology and eschatology in the Middle Ages, today I propose should go to classical antiquity to solve a new riddle related to art and mythology. What mythological image represents the top left?

The scene shows a suggestive scene from classical mythology rescued thanks to the work of a renowned artist belonging to one of Britain's most reactionary movements in the second half of the nineteenth century. This pictorial movement profoundly transformed the English conception of landscape in the second half of the nineteenth century to move the performance of their works in the workshops to the environments in which the authors were able to soak up the multi-sensory experience of nature and translate it with large doses virtuosity in his works. The completion of the work in the countryside, half of pictorial creation would recover after the Impressionist movement, was ultimately a reaction against the rigid academic creativity braking from authors concerned about all for the recovery of classical myths and biblical and medieval romance.

The author of the paintings, a disciple of a prominent author who shares his name with one of the greatest writers of world literature, differs from others of the same movement that lacked the strong social ideals of these, although , surrounded by a halo works of deep romanticism that purports to represent a dream world away from the negative developments of industrialization.

classic myth that illustrates this author has come to us through the writings of a prominent classical author who attributed to him many fans and highlighted the details of his romances in a series of poems that speak of the various phases through which spent their relations with one of three women who embodied possibly the synthesis of several lovers. This series of poems open his career as a writer reaching his works posterioriores a place of honor in the classical tradition.

The protagonist of the myth was so skilled in artistic jobs that came to compete in skill with another famous artist mythology who escaped certain death issued by a greedy and pretentious with its ingencio monarch and his artistic ability. However, the life of the protagonist of our myth he was not satisfied with the recognition of his art and devoted all efforts to search for an obsession that nearly lead him to madness but had intervened at the precise moment the will of the gods.

What mythological episode we talking about?

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Eschatology in the Middle Ages

In this new post I will focus on eschatology, from the Greek word "eschatos", which refers to a set of beliefs concerning the end of the world and human existence, one of the major themes present in all religions and deeply rooted in popular memory and legend, where it forms a reservoir of pessimism that mixing fear, violence and destruction linked to the prophetic literature and apocalyptic. Writers

apocalyptic as Enoch (Book of Jubilees ), Baruch ( Testament of the Twelve Patriarchs ), Ezra and other visionaries, prophets and enlightened through the use of cryptic language and full of symbols, spread before John the Evangelist final devastation idea where sinners find eternal punishment. I joined the messianic concept John in Revelation ("revelation" in Greek), fundamental work that start signals preceding the battle of God and Satan, the opening of the seventh seal pour misery on earth and pests of all kinds the beast that rises from the sea with ten horns and seven heads representing the Antichrist, the resurrection of the dead, announced the establishment of the kingdom of God and return to earth to live among men. To this must be added the influence of the Semitic tradition as the Book of Daniel already found in the paradigm of what will be the central fantasy of the eschatological doctrine: the world dominated by evil and tyrannical power with power unlimited destruction whose tyranny cause unbearable suffering among their victims until they sound the time the servants of God can rise up to destroy it.

was preceded modern age a strong eschatological dimension that had its roots in the Middle Ages and was known by extensive apocalyptic literature, along with the imagery of medieval art, kept terrorizing the population would soon be translated into reality with a dazzling array of disasters and calamities that gripped Europe in the Middle Ages: the Black Death, the great schism of the church, the Hundred Years War and the fall of Constantinople were events experienced as apocalyptic terrors and interpreted in the collective mentality as a punishment inflicted on men for their sins and would end with the arrival of the apocalypse described by John.

Eschatology Christian revolves primarily around the concepts of millenarianism, the end of the world, the Last Judgement, the Antichrist and the underworld. See in this post the first two. Millenarian doctrine is based on the belief in a realm somewhere between the Creation and the end of the world that will materialize into the earth under the reign of God for a thousand years, during which men enjoy their company in a state of happiness complete. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe coming of the Messiah from the Book of Revelations dose of optimism exuded a utopia became more in the tradition of myth of eternal return to the golden age in this case symbolized the lost Garden of Eden, but turned pessimistic when the men of the church overemphasised the misfortunes and disasters Detailed John precede the establishment of the kingdom.

In the Middle Ages the Christian church wanted to banish the millenarian doctrine and so I tried St. Augustine in his works, but despite attempts tradition remained deeply rooted in popular religion being particularly internalized by the underprivileged, the oppressed and heretical character movements. The fifteenth-century religious crisis found a ferment of rebellion and radicalism that led to various movements, primarily in the Holy Roman Empire, they intended to prepare the imminent arrival of Christ on earth. For example, the Anabaptist movement that sought to transform the city of Münster in the New Jerusalem, or the lifting of Thomas Müntzer and his League of the Elect which led to the Peasants' War of 1525 as preparation for the coming of Christ.

At World's End is the main theme of eschatology and is present in all religions, including Christianity. The Apocalypse of St. John shows the destruction of the world, the resurrection of the dead, the return of God to the land and the division of the world into saved and damned. From a deep pessimism about the fate of men, assumed the idea of \u200b\u200ba righteous God and deploy rigorous vengeance on sinful humanity in all its crudeness. This division between the saved and the damned radicalized religious beliefs and superstitions in the Middle Ages leading to irrational behavior that led to thousands of people to be convicted for conduct alleged pact with the devil and be considered witches and sorcerers.

In the next post will discuss other factors that make up the eschatology such as the Last Judgement, the Antichrist and the underworld.

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The Blue Bird

The Phoenix , according to mythology, is a wonderful bird could come back to life after death. On the occasion of the presidential elections to be held in Mexico on July 2, 2006, is being resurrected another bird. But it is not the Phoenix. And though it's called "The Blue Bird" is not even a bird. This is an action plan with a set of guidelines to be applied before, during and after elections which will decide the next president of Mexico for six years to come. Recently, the PRI candidate Roberto Madrazo referred (the March 8, 2006) in soil mexiquense very explicitly the resurrected "Operation Blue Bird" as follows:

"We will tell Ave Blue verija not go looking to swim their candidate, because he brought a former president of Spain to come to campaign for him, at least have brought a woman. And their candidate made emergency changes, because that string does not give more. "

From what little we know, the Blue Bird is not a rigid set of strategies. Will be changing and adapting to the needs of people who are giving the orders within the National Action Party. The year in which The Blue Bird made her debut seems to be 1996. This remains controversial, although this year it was openly mentioning in verbal confrontations that were taking place on the occasion of elections in the state of Coahuila.

Although the details of the plan and copies of the manuals are printed its guidelines which are handled with the same secrecy with which it handles the right-wing National Organization of Anvil who has infiltrated the PAN to the core -This is the reason why some people attribute the authorship of "Blue Bird" at the same Yunque, "the allegations about the existence of" Blue Bird "is not new. A year after the electoral victory of Vicente Fox in 2006 presidential elections, the Institutional Revolutionary Party in Tamaulipas said through his spokesman Felipe Solis Acero the PAN in Tamaulipas had launched a program to commit unlawful acts, a program called Blue Ave, to get the electoral victory by any means be. That same year, as documented in the Parliamentary Gazette of Congress on Thursday, November 8, 2001, at a point of agreement relating to the electoral process in the municipality of Mazatlan, Sinaloa, presented at the meeting on 7 November 2001 by Rep. Victor Antonio García Dávila Labour Party Parliamentary Group, was registered the following complaint:

The project called "Blue Bird" today, today, is a reality and has become guides the difficult electoral processes . It is true that some militants of the National Action Party not aware of its existence or deny , but is a fact that this manual there and is being used in the electoral process in Mazatlan, Sinaloa.

And the March 15, 2002, the Institutional Revolutionary Party filed a complaint with the Electoral Institute General Council of Querétaro denouncing what was the Blue Bird:

an illegal operation, dirty and vicious campaign of vilification , intimidation, political blackmail , misinformation and disqualification democratic participation citizens.

The details of the complaint were exposed on the Internet page of Queretaro State Government under the following link:

http://www.queretaro.gob.mx/servicios/LaSombradeArteaga

/ 2002 / 20020522.htm

However, as PAN government realized this, ordered a purge this information from the Web server's hard disk state government, eliminating all traces of the existence of this petition so powerful in state government server.

the same year in which the PRI angrily denounced Queretaro range of illegal election tactics to which he was using the PAN, also in Chihuahua state came the same allegations with the difference that in this case began to filter new information about the existence of a Blue Bird Siamese twin, dubbed "the Blue Turtle ", which is known to exist a document that reveals their intimate details. There are testimonies from those who claim to have had their hands on the original manual Blue Bird Ave that Blue is actually something far more sinister and evil that the Tortuga Azul, which qualify soft variant. According to them, Ave Blue is a sinister and evil plan to encourage and authorize up to and including murder if such action is required to conquer new spaces of power (or at least not lose those who already have).

Coahuila, Mazatlan, Ciudad Juarez, Queretaro, Tamaulipas. References to the unfavorable effects of Blue Bird are not limited to a single city, and not even a single state. There can be no doubt that this is a national plan to cover Mexico from Yucatan to Baja California in order to further strengthen the PAN control over national political life. The knowledge we have in varying degrees on the Blue Bird is widespread throughout Mexico to such an extent that it is impossible to deny its existence. Perhaps the most candid admission and more naive I have left any member of the same PAN recognizing the existence of something called the Blue Bird is one that appeared on the Internet (Web page was still available as of June 2006) with the header "UX Magazine PAN" in which, under the title "Blue Advantage," the militant July Poisot wrote:

Within days of the election in Mexico state polls show a PAN advantage in voter intention.

In major cities such as Naucalpan, Ecatepec, Toluca, Chalco, etc. between 5 and 20 points ahead for the PAN.

This has been the result of the campaign BLUE BIRD, where thousands of party supporters have been devoted to the promotion of every house vote.

Perhaps the only reason this page after several years had not been erased despite making a direct reference to Blue Bird is that while acknowledging the existence of the bird, no mention appears to be reverting to the libel, premeditated smear, intimidation, political blackmail and misinformation, the only thing mentioned is the state go house-to-house to promote the vote, which in itself has nothing wrong. Unfortunately, as we have seen above, the Blue Bird is not just that. The keep alive this Web site July Poisot "cleaning the image" Blue Bird would always be part of the operation of disinformation designed to confuse hiding the true public purposes Azul Ave.

Among the general population, some argue that Blue Bird is not so bad, that is so childish things such as sending their representatives and observers box dressed in trousers, shirts and blue for send a subliminal message to undecided voters to vote at the correct time. But other, perhaps better informed, say the Blue Bird is actually something more sinister which provides the most natural thing in the world the use of defamation and slander provided for drawing enough votes to his opponents (resort to lies and slander to try to diminishing popularity of an opponent is something which certainly comes as naturally as the world Yunque, which has no qualms about using this type of fascist tactics to achieve their objectives.)

In regard to "Manual" Blue Bird which should appear the tactics and strategies to be used against opponents especially at election time, you may not even exist a few hundred copies of this manual carefully distributed among senior members of the PAN no, but the Yunquistas that have infested the PAN. And to ensure that none of the holders of the Manual will dare to filter your copy to the media (some Yunquista truly sorry that has at last realized the mess that has gotten by associating with such people), it is likely that each book is different from all other manuals with some kind of difference undetectable (absent accent, a comma instead of a semicolon, a slight mistake, etc.) that would be different for each copy of the manual, and the page marked with that mark would also be different for each manual. Thus, each with a different manual imprint left intentionally advance, if someone dares to provide a copy of your manual to the press, you can crawl away with ease. Taking into account that such an indiscretion would be taken as a betrayal of the organization, and taking into account that treason can be punished with the death of the traitor (which is implicit in the oath of loyalty to his confreres that are induced new entrants), none of the owners manual dare to make a copy of your manual Ave Blue to release to the press, and that doing so could cost you your life, no matter who is married and has a family to support, because after all who created the Anvil murderers are criminals not tempt the heart at nothing like as did the Nazis in Germany who took the original model.

may, in covert ends Anvil's clandestine meetings, no longer be called Blue Bird to all legal and illegal tricks to be used in every election. Certainly in the PAN many do not know anything about this given the bad reputation of Blue Bird, brings very bad memories about how he started the moral decay within his party and electoral defeats Blue Bird brought after the discrediting them resulting have been exposed this vulture feeds on carrion only. It is even possible that two or three hundred copies Ave Blue existing manual have been collected and destroyed discreetly to erase the traces of so frightful bird. But the spirit is more alive Azul Ave than ever, has died. On the contrary, all allegedly recommended Blue Bird is being followed to the letter in the 2006 presidential election.

Here we can say openly and without censorship, that the dirty war launched by the NPA on March 6, 2006 against the PRD candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador, as well as started some time ago against other candidates other parties such as Arturo Montiel, is the Blue Bird, in all its terrible fullness. Because ultimately, this is what really is the Blue Bird, presumably forged in the secret confines of the far right Yunquista to keep power. Constant defamation (Qualify repeatedly with thousands of television and radio spots an opponent as A DANGER TO MEXICO ), the use of government agencies and resources of public funds to weaken or destroy their opponents (as was done with Arturo Montiel to research all your bank accounts and all their possessions and material possessions both inside and outside of Mexico), illegal wiretapping anonymously leaked to the media (as was done with Puebla Governor Mario Marín Torres), the video recordings made secretly and anonymously also filtered media (as in the case of the leader of the Legislative Assembly District Federal René Bejarano, the Financial Secretary Gustavo Ponce Federal District, and Senator Jorge Emilio González Martínez), illegally spending excessive resources, well above the ceilings approved by the campaign, ruling party candidate Felipe Calderon (is a fact confirmed for June 2006 Felipe Calderón was spending more than doubled in its promotion of the image compared to his main opponent, taking into account that 10 to June 16 Felipe Calderón had spent 42 million pesos to transmit 562 000 2000 193 radio and television spots, while Lopez Obrador had spent 17 million 455 thousand pesos from 3 to 9 June for the same purpose, and even emerging independent estimates suggesting that for every dollar that the PRD has spent in promoting their candidate Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the PAN is spending at least four times, and even their spending could be five or six times, drowning all other opponents with resources of which could be as dubious as resources managed by the Friends of Fox ) , plus all the intimidation, blackmail, extortion and tactics that can lead to voter fraud in large scale. All this is the Blue Ave. But Blue Bird, as a dirty war plan constantly updated, is getting fatter as New ideas are added. As an example, a new idea that can be considered as incorporated into Blue Bird, as implemented by the NPA in June 2006 is more than obvious to any Mexican who have television at home, is to use private agencies that law are not allowed to hire time on radio and television for the purpose of disseminating messages aimed at promoting the vote for a candidate or against another. It is against the first paragraph of Article 48 of the Federal Code of Electoral Institutions and Procedures (COFIPE), which reads in the first chapter (of the privileges and access to radio and television) under Title III (From the privileges, access to radio and television and financing of political parties) under the Second Book (From the political parties) clearly states the following:

1. Is the exclusive right of political parties engage in radio and television time to broadcast messages designed to obtain votes during election campaigns, according to the rules and procedures laid down in this article.

This legal prohibition did not stop supporters of Felipe Calderón Yunquistas embedded in the Business Coordinating Council to be paying generously in the afternoon and evening programs leading to the main channels for distributing television ads two with a clear content directed against the main opposition candidates (Andrés Manuel López Obrador and Roberto Madrazo), which is easy to prove because two ads call keep policies have been pursued over 10 years, because according to the betting ads to something different in the electoral process would involve a reversal . And the only candidate who claims to maintain current economic policies pursued by President Vicente Fox, the same policies guilty having been expelled to the United States annually half a million Mexicans hungry unemployed, is precisely the candidate Felipe Calderón. electoral Councilor Lourdes del Refugio López Flores was direct in stating that the two ads were not intended to promote voting but tell recipients to vote for while Horacio Duarte Olivares, who represents the coalition "For the Good of All "to the IFE's General Council, added that those spots are aligned" with the campaign of PAN presidential candidate, Felipe Calderón Hinojosa, and discredit Andrés Manuel López Obrador, the champion of the alliance of parties he represents, blaming CCE corporate body of using "the same nonsense" ad used by the PAN's presidential campaign to warn of risks as they (the PAN and its masters Yunquistas) would have if López Obrador wins the elections July. (It is known as the Center for Leadership and Human Development - CELIDERH - based in the city of Chihuahua, an organization that receives benefits from the Workers Confederation of Employers of the Mexican Republic, Coparmex-was who was behind the funding and promotion of spots against the candidate of the coalition "For the Good of All", Andrés Manuel López Obrador, linking in extremely negative connotations with President Hugo Chávez. In the website of Luis Enrique Terrazas CELIDERH appears Seyffert, vice president of Coparmex of Chihuahua, as the president of the Center for Leadership and Human Development. This center is not really much better than an extension of DHIAC funded and operated (Human Development and Citizen Action Integral AC), clearly identified as a satellite organization of the far-right National Organization Yunque. And Luis Enrique Terrazas Seyffert is a man close to former Chihuahua Governor Francisco Barrio Terrazas, from the time when the extreme right through DHIAC began to infiltrate the PAN the state of Chihuahua.) For his part, Felipe Calderon, publicly separated away from such illegal and offensive ads, received with great pleasure and satisfaction knowing that the mass distribution of such notices was flagrantly violating the law in Briefly, for the presidential candidate to govern Mexico eager to apply the law, there is no problem in openly breaking the law in the light of all if this thing can help you pad your way violating propaganda caps on campaign spending (even more than it already is doing) to use third party as the Coordinating Council for the dissemination of propaganda. This is the typical form to think of the extreme right Mexican. For them, the end justifies the means . And the rest do not care.

A previous

chicanery can add a new PAN-Yunquistas that have successfully done that go unnoticed: the alleged disclosure of the results of its own exit poll . It is in the United States itself, where he began the practice of "exit polls", known there as exit polling. But this practice was initiated not by any political party with the intention of going to influence the electoral process cleverly figures altered in favor of their candidate or candidates, but was initiated by the leading communicators (such as CBS, NBC, ABC, CNN, FOX) to apprise their viewing audience on voting trends, without attempting to influence the minds of voters. To this end, these companies agreed on the creation of a common group under the name National Election Pool which is responsible for putting all the information available under one source, trying to ensure an assessment as accurate and honest as possible. Still, with the best technological resources at their disposal, have come to incur mistakes como las que cometieron en sus pronósticos sobre el triunfador de las elecciones presidenciales del 2004. Pero estas son equivocaciones honestas cometidas por un exceso de confianza en las metodologías estadísticas que no son una ciencia exacta cuando de contiendas cerradas se trata. Como ya se dijo, los principales interesados en costear estas encuestas de salida en los Estados Unidos son las empresas particulares que quieren proporcionar a sus auditorios información actualizada sobre algo muy importante, allá ningún partido político se anda metiendo en los enredos de tratar de suplantar a las empresas que ya se encargan del "exit poll", y mucho menos con el fin de maquillar las cifras para crear falsas situaciones que no corresponden con la realidad.

The "exit polls" announced by the PAN, and its results will be reported for the same PAN, although the IFE invested a lot of resources on ensuring more reliable information on voting trends through PREP - can have no other purpose than to use these "exit polls" as a additional weapon in their bag of dirty tricks to confuse and mislead electorate.

There are two ways in which the PAN may try to use the advertised "exit polls" to raise expectations at will: one of them (legally possible) is going off its "data" as prefabricated close to six in the evening the boxes for the states that are located closer to the Atlantic coast, in order to influence the cells of the states close one or two hours later by the difference in time zones to be located in the central region of Mexico and closer to the Pacific coast, and the other (illegal) is to be filtering through the Internet and through phone calls, rumors and a media eager to have any kind of news-prefabricated data Within hours they open the boxes in all of Mexico, where much remains to close the voting. First discuss the "legal".

The work plan as follows: the same day they carried out the elections, the PAN claiming to be conducting its own exit poll results have already prefabricated in advance, giving a convincing and overwhelming victory to Felipe Calderón over of all other contenders. This would not be a real victory based on a statistical sampling honest, would be a "victory" deliberately fabricated. However, the law authorizes the Federal Electoral Institute to provide preliminary results based on the PREP (Preliminary Electoral Results Program), and in fact this is an exclusive power of IFE. But long before the IFE can provide outcome, since the PAN would begin to "leak" anonymously to the media the results rigged in favor of Felipe Calderón. There being no other information than this, the false information to begin the first widely circulated on the Internet and word of mouth after giving him a landslide victory to Felipe Calderón. However, the difference in time zones (in Mexico there three time zones so that when they are six in the afternoon in Yucatan, are just four in the afternoon in Baja California), the first presidential elections shut in states farther to the East (Yucatan, Quintana Roo) and end up closing hours later in Baja California (the boxes should be opened at eight in the morning and be closed at six o'clock in the afternoon). But if the anonymous leaks of the results rigged in favor of Felipe Calderon are the first results from exit polls of PAN in the Yucatan Peninsula, where not already have closed the polls in states like Baja California, the stroke can be shocking and devastating in states where elections have not yet finished, demoralizing those who intended to vote for candidates from the PRI and the PRD, generating an abstention in favor of Felipe Calderon would start to realize the dream of drag on anvil in power spraying with all sorts of dirty tactics and honesty rigged electoral processes in Mexico. (In countries like the U.S., private companies have voluntarily agreed not disclose any electoral trend up while have not closed all the boxes all mainland states.)

PAN The other option for handling their own "exit polls" much more vile in every way, is as stated in letting go "results" to open a few hours after the polls. Thus, when he's ten or eleven morning when people are just going to vote within the PAN rumors begin to filter out that Felipe Calderón, in accordance with the "exit polls" (PAN) take a wide lead over all other contenders, emerging as the clear winner and next President of Mexico. These "results" of course, they'd be prefabricated possibly several days before the July 2, that after all the recipients of the "news" reported by the PAN would have no way of knowing. And by bringing the candidates of other parties against the NPA reports to go giving results without authorization legal to do so, all in the PAN simply wash their hands saying their hands have already results "cumulative" of their "exit polls" but denying each having had anything to do with any filtering of results. And there would be no charge to blame, because it would "trickle up" very favorable results to Felipe Calderón no one could do something about it. And these "leaks", as the anonymous source leaks of wiretaps and videotapes with which it was destroying political opponents to the regime of Vicente Fox, would go unpunished but achieved its effect, load the dice heavily in favor Felipe Calderón on the day of the election. In effect, as outlined here and now, the "exit polls" that the NPA has announced that it will conduct and the disclosure has already announced the same is part of a new electoral fraud in order to not losing power, which is ultimately all that matters.

Note carefully the date on which the National Action made public its intention to carry out its own exit poll and to disclose their own (and presumably rigged) results on Tuesday, June 20, 2006, lacking less two weeks to carry out elections, but having just passed one week after the date on which the far-right leader, Manuel Espino Yunquista NAP was submitted to the IFE (Tuesday March 13, 2006) to underwrite a civility pact with other political parties, guaranteeing the PAN Felipe Calderon and a climate of relative calm in the days after the conclusion of the elections even though the evidence of illegalities committed by the PAN start to emerge. If the PAN had announced their intentions to carry out their own exit polls on election day since before the signing of the pact of civility, it is possible that other parties had refused to sign the agreement to be account of the true intentions of the PAN to mount the props of their own exit polls. The lack of a civility agreement before July 2, 2006 would have put the ruling party and the PAN candidate Felipe Calderón in serious trouble with the real possibility of popular protest demonstrations across the country to question the alleged victory of Felipe Calderón . The signing of a pact of civility was something he urged the PAN, and even the same Vicente Fox long ago was insisting on an agreement of this type.

The PAN and its masters Yunquistas might try to deny the possibility of carrying out this operation as described by emphasizing that the law strictly prohibits walking reporting any preliminary election results before polls close, adding that the law punishes those who dare to violate this ordinance. It is true, those responsible for engaging in this type of crime can be punished even imprisonment. But the latter is possible if they can identify. However, when dealing with faceless people, when it comes to people accustomed to working in secrecy, acting on condition of anonymity, you can not take legal action against anyone. And it is doubtful that the agency charged with administering justice in all matters relating to electoral crimes, the PGR, to move to track the culprits when the main suspects are those on the side of the official party. This has already amply demonstrated in his handling of the issue of the Friends of Fox .

This last minute vote-switching, details of which have been filtering through to people who disagree with the direction being taken by the PAN (not all within the PAN are corrupt people, and indeed there are still many people honestly in good faith within the party) is Machiavellianism Yunquista in its fullest expression.

Perhaps the only way which can be protected from misinformation that is being prepared in the NAP with its alleged "exit polls" is to give zero credibility to their "exit polls" from before they open the boxes and voting has begun, but at times during the day appear to give them a slight advantage to any of the other two main contenders (López Obrador Roberto Madrazo), which, after all this would not be more than a good soap opera staged by people who dishonestly led from the start of the race.

If despite all these illegal and huge advantages in its favor, the far-right candidate Felipe Calderón can not win, then they still have as a last resort to those who support and stand behind him the murder resource. But if they consummate the electoral fraud as it seems they have it planned, this unpleasant as no longer needed, it is not necessary to kill anyone. Not yet.

Healing An Over Extended Elbow

Demonology in the Medieval Art and Mythology

Although I mentioned some aspects of demonology vampire in previous posts, today I am going to focus a of the most fascinating of the Middle Ages, demonology centered on the belief in the devil as the source of all evils that can not be explained from a rational point of view. When and how it arises demonology, What or who is the devil?, What is its origin?

Society of the Middle Ages was characterized by a strong sacralization of everyday life, any activity was influenced by the religious, ecclesiastical rules derived from leisure time to the birth of a child or death of an individual . But along with the realization that divinity was present in every moment of daily life, there are also a belief progressive in the devil, in his constant presence beside the men to make them fall into sin and drag them to eternal damnation.

This belief in the devil is spreading in Europe from the eleventh and twelfth centuries, but it will be in the fourteenth century, according to the profound reform movements of the church and in the midst of the bloody wars of religion, when came to the process of demonization of the world when demonology (asserting the existence of the devil) became demonolatría (devil worship). Will be in the XIV and XV when treaties of demonology flood Europe publications in Germany in the second half of the sixteenth century surpassed 230.ooo copies, and in France, in the same period appeared a multitude of writers testified to the immense power of the devil, including prominent figures such as J. Bodin and A. Paré.

Thus the devil was a real obsession for men and women of the Middle Ages and modern times. The devil was the reference point that came to explain everything that lacked a rational explanation from adverse weather conditions causing wrecks and destroyed crops to disease and suffering of children born with physical deformities. The image of the devil was associated with animals such as goats, frogs, black pigs, wolves and cats and grim-looking human figures and grotesque features, images supplied by the descriptions of preachers and theologians who fed the popular imagination and inspiration of the artists that shaped this imaginary plastic. But what or who is the devil? The successive

translations of the Old and New Testament made in the ancient world, the transcription of the Aramaic words in Hebrew, Greek and then into Latin were some variations. The ultimate enemy of the Christian God was called first with the Hebrew word "Satan" and later with the Greek word "diabolos", until eventually both ended equated words and spread the use of the term "devil or demon" to refer not only Satan but also their acolytes in reference to any cause be wrong. Is this name "devil or demon" that is used at the Council of Toledo (siglo V) to legalize the religious concept of the personification of evil.

According to Christian tradition, demons are spiritual beings created by God who rebelled against his creator through sin, but what sin? Traditionally have been considered four hypotheses to explain the sin of Satan: First, according to a widespread theory in the early years of Christianity apocryphal text 's book guards, is given a sexual sin committed with Lilith laying breed monsters and demons. A second version, passed in another apocryphal work, The Life of Adam and Eve implies a sin of disobedience that transformed several angels into demons, which is the version that then pick up the Koran. A third assumption made by church fathers like Hildebrand, Albertus Magnus and Duns Scotus maintains that Satan was the angel most beautiful creation that led him to commit an act of pride before God. Finally, Aquinas maintains the thesis of the sin of pride as which the angel he believed to be equal with God committed a sin so great that God punished him and all the other angels who had believed him turning into demons.

The truth is that whatever the sin committed by the fallen angel, some of the questions that were formulated medieval man how many demons in the world?, What are their powers, where will you live?, " why men dominate the form of possessions?, what role they play in cases of witchcraft? These and other questions will try to respond in subsequent entries.

Brazilian Wax And Age

After six weeks absence I return with renewed energy to talk on historical, archaeological, mythological and artistic special interest awakened me. After several entries featuring Lilith, vampires and other beings empusa night, today I feel like a haunting challenge to guess. What mythological theme recreates the image of the upper left corner?

The dream scene shows a scene from classical mythology rescued by the brush of one of the greatest artists of the nineteenth century European symbolism. Criticism of the time praised the work exhibited at the Salon of 1880 praising "the magic touch brush of this visionary "and described the cave marine and " a den illuminated by precious stones, as a tabernacle containing an inimitable and radiant jewel: the body white, slightly pink in the breasts and lips, the sea nymph ¿...? endormecida between his long golden locks and insensitive to the love of ¿...?"

The classical myth referred to by this acclaimed artist has survived thanks to the compilation of a Latin author mythological suffered the suspicions of more sector conservative society and the Roman emperor Augustus who defined one of the known works of this author, which taught us the joys and enjoyments of seduction, as "unacceptable and immoral" .

late sixteenth-century English writer, who shares his illustrious name with a beautiful orchid, recovered this beautiful fable for English poetry breaking satirical burlesque shed much of his work. The male protagonist, who took a gap in the literature through the work of a famous Greek poet to whom the latest research attributed the authorship of Theban poems about Oedipus, suffers from an unrequited love that led him to commit a cruel act and revenge told by the sixteenth-century English author:

"With violence tore infinite
most tip of the lofty rock,
urn is great, no small pyramid.
With tears the nymph asked
deities of the sea ... Called:
concur all, and the hard rock
squeezed blood, was pure glass.

Members pitifully oppressed
the reef were hardly fatal,
the feet of trees thicker liquid pearls
shod your vein. Current
silver at last his white bones, licking flowers
and argientando arenas,
Doris arrives with pious tears, wilderness
waved, cheered river "

epiodio mythological What are we talking?

White Lump On Lip Piercing

Vlad Tepes, son of the Order of Dracul. Countess Bathory

Romanian documentary sources have enabled us to reconstruct quite accurately the history of one of the most known in the region of Transylvania, Vlad Tepes voivod, an obscure nobleman belonging to the Order of the Dracul who inspired the character of Dracula's work Bram Stoker. The story goes back to 1430 when the emperor of the Roman Empire and King of Hungary and Bohemia, Sigismund, designated as the new voivod of Wallachia region a Romanian nobleman named Vlad (father of Dracula), which knighthood of the Order of the Dragon (Dracul) was founded in 1418 to fight against the thrust of Turkish armies Threatening Eastern Europe. During his time as voivod Vlad had four children each of which the final destination I came across a very different Mircea, Vlad Tepes, Vlad Radu the beautiful and the monk.

Transylvanian Medieval history was marked by its geostrategic position which placed it as the place-passed between the Muslim East and Christian West. The ongoing clashes between the two worlds and the unstoppable advancing armies of the Sultan became the region of Transylvania in a combat zone in which voivodes had to deal with both sides to maintain their domains. Sometimes, as Christians respect their oaths while many others, agreed to pay tribute to the Turks to prevent their territories nobility were destroyed. Thus, it seems, Vlad father was convened in 1440 to a meeting with Sultan Murad II. The voivod traveling with their children Vlad Tepes and Radu the meeting with the Sultan but upon arrival at the meeting, the Wallachian nobles were taken prisoner by the Turkish army and taken to the court of the sultan in Constantinople to be used as hostages in political negotiations with the Christian kingdoms. Vlad Tepes in his captivity he learned the Turkish language and the vices of politics.

father Vlad was finally killed by rivals Vlach families after their captivity in Constantinople, Vlad Tepes became the new voivod of Wallachia between 1448 and 1476. Wallachia region became the scene of the bloody actions of Dracula (the final "a" indicating "son of", ie "the son of the dragon"). In the northern border and its famous castle built on a tributary of the Danube, Dambovita, built a second fortress in 1659 became the city of Bucharest, the capital of modern Romania. Very near this place, Dracula was killed and beheaded by the Turks who moved and showed the head of the voivod in the main square of Constantinople, although his body was buried in the monastery Snagob Island, near Bucharest. Dracula's life eventful and bloody us since the time of his captivity in Constantinople.

and Ottoman Historical sources tell us of an extremely aggressive Dracula during his captivity in Constantinople until the point of being feared by Turkish jailers themselves, an attitude very different from that shown by his brother Radu who was very interested in the affairs Sultan even to join of his harem. Some of Germanic origin anonymous writings dating from the seventeenth century shows us a frightening Dracula profile:

"A monster, fierce warrior named Dracula committed acts so at odds with Christianity as killing men and brought them on stakes, sliced, boiling mothers and children live and forcing men to commit acts of cannibalism. "

"Once did make a huge pot with two handles on it a device made of planks with holes, so that a man could pass through his head. Then he lighting a big fire under the pot and made pour water in it and boiled the men in this way. "

From historical sources we conclude that his penchant for torture led him to develop extremely cruel methods such as empalamamiento. The prisoner was tied to two horses and tightened the strings so that the body was fully extended after it introduced a round peg and oiled by the straight across his belly and abdomen. The purpose of impalement was the suffering and agony of the prisoner, even if the impalement was starting at the navel or heart level death was instantaneous. Vlad Dracula was not to be touched by age, sex or religion of the prisoners coming to impale mothers and infants, including some sources indicate that mothers impaled the severed heads of their children on the breasts. Another of his hobbies was the mutilation of the victims before impaled. Cut off ears, noses, genitals and limbs forced to devour themselves relatives of the executed before witnessing his impalement. Their cruelty reached unimaginable extremes, some texts speak of how they skinned the soles of their captives, they threw some salt and let animals lick their wounds indefinitely.

taste for torture even reached her sexual desires. In several papers we read how a soldier navel to ream his wife's breasts, or how he it punished one of his lovers who demanded the recognition of a child by opening the abdomen to see if, indeed, they could recognize. There are many stories that show us an extremely cruel and Dracula during her captivity in Constantinople where he said that many animals walk impaled by cells such as cats or rats.

But why Vlad Tepes, the son of the Order of Dracul, was chosen to star in Bram Stoker's vampire novel? As we have seen in previous posts, Vlad Tepes was not the only historical figure who showed a disproportionate fondness for blood (remember the bloody passions of the Countess Bathory). But Bram Stoker wrapped the cruelty of Vlad Tepes the night and supernatural qualities we've seen in mythological creatures such as harpies, strigose, Empusa and Lilith own to create the archetype of Nosferatu, the undead night sowing fears and immortality. But what holds the literary character of Dracula? In this and other issues I will discuss in subsequent entries.

Woman Inserting A Tampon Voyeur

In the minds of the Middle Ages the known world was inhabited by corporeal beings, tangible and susceptible of knowledge, while the unknown world was full of inexplicable nature beings. Reality and fantasy are confused in the collective consciousness through the teratological iconography of sacred sites (gargoyles on the walls of churches and evil beings in the capitals) that reaffirmed the existence of monstrous beings causing all unexplained phenomena from a rational point of view. Among the fantastic creatures that filled the public mind in Europe at the end of the Middle Ages include in particular those relating to vampires, werewolves and demonic beings. What is the vampiric imagery of the Middle Ages?

We have seen in previous posts that the first references to lustful beings who feed on human blood arise in the classical tradition of hand harpies, strigose and empusa, however, will be in the late Middle Ages when these myths are central in the collective consciousness under the name "vampire." Vampire legends, especially entrenched in Eastern Europe, conceived of vampires as undead creatures that feed on the blood of the living to remain in a state of immortality until the end of time. Medieval iconography looming vampire vampires as monstrous looking beings, repulsive and foul breath, until the literature of the last decades of the eighteenth century began to wrap the figure of the vampire with a halo of romance decadendente you see in nature a compendium of erotic and pleasure.

The Gothic tale Wake Not the Dead Johann Ludwick Tieck published in 1800 recovered the figure of the vampire legends of the dark Middle Ages and laid the foundations for the new image of the moody and seductive vampire who popularized a few years later Polidori in the story the Vampire (1816), James Rymer in Varney the Vampire (1845) and Sheridan Le Fanu especially who, depressed after the untimely death of his wife, published in 1855 the magnificent work Camilla, showing for the first time the figure of the vampire woman, sensual and evocative, breaking the anthropomorphic image of the harpies, strigose and empusa for closer to the figure of Lilith. When Bram Stoker published Dracula (1888) the presence of the modern vampire and is a constant in the Gothic novel.

What is the first historical reference for vampire legends? Historical sources tell us of the existence of a noble family who managed to control large lordships in a central region of Transylvania, the Bathory family, one of whose ancestors had fought against the Turks along the voivod Vlad Tepes (historical figure who inspired the character Dracula of Bram Stoker's novel). In the seventeenth century one of the women of the lineage, Erzsébet Bathory, plunged into the terror of the peasants of the Transylvanian territories because of their inordinate taste the blood of young maidens to the point of being known by the nickname "The Blood Countess."

Historical sources show us Erzsebet Bathory as a woman so obsessed with her public image had no qualms about changing your hairstyle and clothing up to six times a day and spend hours looking in the mirror of the first signs of aging. After the death of her husband, Ferencz Nadasdy, Erzsébet discovered the rejuvenating power of course blood as follows. One of his daughters was combing his hair when he accidentally pulled a small tuft causing outrage in the countess who slapped the maid reacted so strongly that caused a slight nosebleed. The blood came out and went for somewhere in the skin of the countess, who thought he noticed an amazing improvement of the skin where it had landed a drop of blood. From then on he devoted much of his life to his favorite pastime: taking blood baths to prevent skin aging.

With the help of a blacksmith well paid and frightened, Countess secretly forged the tool necessary for this hobby: a cylindrical cage of iron sheets held together by rings and whose interior was fitted with sharp spikes. When the time and always night, beginning the bloody pastime of the countess. Dork assistant was descending the basement stairs to a completely naked young girl that dragged the heavy hair and introduced into the cage that was elevated immediately to the vaulted ceiling with a pulley. At that moment it appeared the Countess Elizabeth, dressed in white linen, was introduced into a small tub beneath the cage. Taking a poker, dork began to beat the prisoner who, in his movements back, fell violently against the spikes surrounding the interior of the cage making his blood flow into the tub for the Contessa. When the girl was bleeding to death, the maid Katelin washed the basement traces of blood and Countess gathered the bloody hand folds of her dress, ordered that light the way and returned to his room.

But time passed and the aged countess. Thinking that the cause of aging is due to the plebeian origin of their victims, Erzsébet castle began to invite the daughters of the lower nobility, but in that decision found the limits of the feudal system. Himself king of Hungary, Matthias Habsburg ordered a halt to the vagaries of the Countess and conduct a trial to which he refused to attend Erzsébet invoking their noble privileges. Her maids were tortured and burned. The Countess was sentenced to live in a walled room of his castle in which the only outside contact was a small hole through which food is passed. The Blood Countess died in 1614.

Despite the relevance of Erzsebet Bathory reached in the seventeenth century, the character that has permeated the vampire legends is Vlad Tepes, the legendary Bram Stoker's Dracula, which I will discuss in subsequent entries.

How To Build A Model Roller Coaster

vampire Lilith and demonology.

iconographic evolution of Lilith from the Sumerian reliefs to the biblical writings are characterized by sequential acquisition of characteristics lascivious night and bloody, culminating with the image of the Hebrew Lilith turned into a demon that feeds on the blood of newborns. Lilith's attraction for the blood eventually became their defining trait, and the vampiric imagery of the Middle Ages to the Sumerian goddess assimilated with vampiric beings to the point of being considered the first female vampire. What is the mythological origin of vampires and maintain relationship with Lilith?

The first references to lewd women who feed on human blood appear in the classical tradition. Harpies relatives, women with bird body and sharp claws to abduct newborn of which we speak to each other Homer, Petronius and Apuleius, we find the striga. Both Ovid (Fasti 6, 131-138) as Petronius (The Satyricon, 63-64) striga we describe the fruit of the union of men and harpies, as winged women with claws of raptors that feed on flesh and blood of newborns. Although the iconography of the striga is very different to the image of Lilith and Lamia Greek, which we have discussed in previous posts, all of them share their lewd character and devouring newborns.

But these bloody things, particularly noteworthy Empusa figure, a female demon associated with the goddess Hecate (Greek goddess of the soul of the dead), who fed on the blood of men after they have been seduced under the guise of straight or fair maiden. Apparently, this Empusa legend was brought to Greece from Palestine, where she was considered a daughter of the Hebrew Lilith with which it shares many similarities. One of the first authors to refer to the Empusa is Aristophanes, who in his work Frogs, presented as a beast with the face on fire that takes many forms, including a beautiful woman who manages to seduce men and feed on blood. Although it will be Flavio Philostratus who, in Life of Apollonius , offers the most detailed the Empusa:

"Once we crossed the Caucasus, say they saw four men who were already black elbows, and other five cubits, they passed the Indus River. On the way up the river found worthy of reference the following: walking under a bright moon and were presented with the appearance of a empusa, which becomes as one thing and another, and disappears. Apolonio said it was, so he began to insult himself empusa and instructed those who were with him to do the same, because this is the remedy against such intrusion. The apparition fled screaming like ghosts. "

In the hands of this author known also to the Empusa of Corinth, which will undoubtedly be a decisive influence in shaping the vampires back as the author pointed out several times Pilar Pedraza. In this sense, refers Philostratus (book 4.25) how Apollonius due to such occurrence. We are told it is Phoenician, lives in a suburb of Corinth and had seduced the young philosopher Menippus of Lycia with those who intend to marry. Attend the wedding, among other guests, Apollonius, who reveals the "good girlfriend is one of the empusa" unmask and does this all go away in an instant:

"When cups of gold and silver showed what appeared to be vain and flew all of their eyes, and pourers, cooks and all the servants of this ilk faded to be rejected by Apollonius, the appearance seemed to lie to mourn and asked not is the tortured or forced her to recognize what it was. By insisting Apollonius and not let it escape, he acknowledged that was a empusa and raged for Menippus pleasures in order to devour her body, used to eat for beautiful bodies and young people because their blood was pure. "

Most of the features that have the harpies, strigose and empusa are inherited from the Hebrew myth of Lilith sees it as a being nocturnal, lewd and devouring of children to the divine curse which condemns it to see hundreds of children die every day. Most historians and anthropologists agree that both the above things as vampires that characterize much of the demonology of the Middle Ages have their origin in the myth of Lilith. Even the medieval concept of race that conceives Cain Cain and his descendants as the first vampire clan that descended from Lilith comes from Jewish iconography of Lilith. Vampire imagery of the Middle Ages, the historical aspects of vampirism and the figure of Vlad Tepes (vayvode of Wallachia who inspired the character Dracula of Bram Stoker's novel) will speak in subsequent entries.

Arthrosocpy Exercises

The Gospel of Judas Iscariot

The National Geographic Society and the Waitt Institute for Historical Discovery of California have surprised us with an archaeological discovery that, pending new data, some historians have been quick to compare in importance with Dead Sea Scrolls and Nag Hammadi.

Though the manuscript was made public this week, its discovery dates back to mid 70's when some Egyptian peasants found it by chance in a limestone tomb at Al-Minya, on the banks of the Nile Papyrus was smuggled out of Egypt and stayed for nearly two decades kept in a bank in Long Island, New York, no one recognized the importance of the discovery had not yet been tested for dating. But in 2002 it bought the Swiss foundation Maecenas Foundation for Ancient Art, which funded the restoration of the papyrus and reached an agreement with the National Geographic Society and the Waitt Institute for Historical Discovery of California.

Analysis of Carbon-14 dating the manuscript around the year 300 and, although it is written in Coptic, the ancient language of Egyptian Christians, historians believe that is a translation of a Greek text of the year 187. The Treaty Against the heresy of Bishop Irenaeus of Lyon published in the year 180 and mentioned the existence of a Gospel of Judas Iscariot who told, in the words of Irieno de Lyon, "the secret account of the revelation that Jesus spoke in conversation with Judas Iscariot, one week before the Passover. "

The manuscript contains 26 pages of which only small fragments have been leaked showing a Judas too far from the image of "traitor" that provide the biblical texts. Some of the fragments screened are:

"You are the apostle cursed by all others. You, Judas, shall offer the sacrifice of this body of man I am covered (...) You will be the thirteenth, and you will be cursed by generations, and come to rule over them. "

" Y I said: 'Although this place does not do good, you're a true disciple of Jesus. " And he told them what they wanted to hear. And he delivered. This is the end of the Gospel of Judas ".

is not the first time it has been hypothesized that Judas acted on the advice of his master to sell it with a kiss, and that the apocryphal gospels point in this direction . However, this is the first ancient document defends this view. Is it plausible that say? Craig Evans, professor of New Testament at Acadia Divinity College in Canada, recalls that in the New Testament, Jesus asks appeals to two of his disciples on two occasions, and wondered whether his commitment to the Jewish authorities by Judas would not be a third. "It is possible that the submission of Jesus to Judas Iscariot was unknown to the other apostles." Moreover, as Elaine Pagels, a professor at Princeton University in the U.S., "the four Gospels accepted by the Christian canon tell the public acts of Jesus, but not private conversations."

Who wrote it is another mystery. Nowhere is said to be Judas, but that should not doubt his veracity, as the authorship of the Gospels of the New Testament is not assured. "Most texts are written on behalf of the disciples, but it is very unlikely that they were the authors, because it was written between about 50 and 80 years after the death of Jesus," as stated Marvin Meyer, professor Chapman University in California.

In any case, the full publication of the manuscript and the conclusions of his study in the coming weeks will shed more light on the find.

Compering Annual Days In Schools

In the shadow of Eva


What is the role of Lilith in the Christian Scriptures? The Old Testament mentions Lilith only once, however, the contradictions of Genesis, the appearance of Eve and the fall of Cain allow us to identify the influence of Lilith in many verses.
The following passage is the only explicit reference to Lilith. 34.14 Isaiah verse tells of the destruction of the city of Edom until being reduced to rubble and become a place of darkness where "wild cats and hyenas will meet, and satyrs shall meet, and also Lilith lie down there and find your resting place. " Notes footnotes avoided any reference to Lilith as Adam's first wife, but we show the classic iconography of Lilith we have looked primitive in earlier comments by stating: "The Hebrews believed that meant a diabolical being, in female form, lewd and night."

Some of the biblical scriptures that allow us to sense the hidden presence of Lilith are those on Genesis, which affords a remarkable contradiction. 1.27 The Genesis passage says: "And God created man in His own image, the image of God he created him, male and female created. And God blessed them, saying, be prolific and multiply, fill the earth and subdue it ". This passage shows that the creation of man and woman are made in the image and likeness of God, both equal to be created at the same time . However, the passage tells Genesis 2.21 " Yavhé Then God made the man fall into a lethargic sleep, and while he slept took one of his ribs, replacing meat in place, then, from the rib taken God formed Yavhé the woman and brought her to the man, who said, this is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh, she shall be called woman, because the man has been taken. " Especially revealing is the statement of Adam "This is bone of my bones and flesh of my flesh." Was there another woman earlier that it was bone of his bone and was created from earth and dust?

Another passage that illustrates the influence of Lilith in the biblical writings is the question of the fall of Eden. Genesis 3.1 says: " the serpent was more subtle than any beast of the field to do Yavhé God." In many classical traditions such as Sumerian or Assyrian the serpent was worshiped as a goddess of fertility, although subsequent Jewish iconography established a correlation between snakes and Lilith as a symbol de la decadencia y la expulsión del Edén. Las escrituras bíblicas retoman la iconografía hebrea de Lilith y la presentan en el jardín del Edén como una mujer mitad humana mitad serpiente enrroscada en el Árbol del Bien y del Mal tentando a Eva, la nueva mujer de Adán. Tal vez la iconografía más conocida sea la que ilustra la Capilla Sixtina del Vaticano y que reproduzco en el margen superior izquierdo.

En este punto, es llamativo resaltar que el Talmud hebreo señala a Samael, el ángel que se rebeló contra Yavhé y cayó derrotado al abismo, como esposo de Lilith. Ambos concibieron, durante su estancia el Mar Rojo, tres hijos o lilims -seres medio humanos, medio demoníacos-. De este Similarly, if we take as a starting point the Jewish tradition, the fall of Eden would be but a joint effort between Lilith and Samael (Lucifer in the Christian tradition) who acted as body and voice of the snake respectively. But what reasons have you both want the Edenic fall? Lilith awaited the arrival of Eva to avenge the curse of God that condemned her to see the death of hundreds of children every day, while Samael wanted to humiliate Yavhé's work since he was deported to the Abyss. But Lilith's Revenge is best understood if we analyze the figure of Cain.

Some authors such as Robert Graves linking figure of Cain in the blood, sacrifice, immortality and the presence of Lilith and Samael. After the expulsion of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden, she fathered a son as recounted in the Genesis passage 4.1: "The woman conceived and bore Cain, saying, I had a man thanks to the Lord." Graves points to the importance of Cain, the first homicide in biblical words, born after the acceptance of the forbidden fruit by Eve, and suggests that his birth would respond to the vengeance of Lilith to Eve dying to see their children Abel, as she saw her children die every day. Graves even goes further to ensure that Eve and Cain seríafruto Samael, not Adam since the passage Genesis 5.1 contains a list of the descendants of Adam but presciende of Cain and Cain lineage.

Anyway, one of the greatest enigmas of the story of Cain is why Yahweh cursed removing Adam and Eve Cain and defending the immortality of death?. After the murder of Abel, Genesis 4.12 passage recounts: "Cain shall go wandering and vagabond on earth ... and if anyone killed Cain, he will be avenged sevenfold." Only after the birth of his eldest son Enoch, Cain allowed Yavhé rest of his life wandering vagabond named Enoch built a city where he grew up Cain's lineage. But that is another story ...

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The Hebrew Lilith. Lilith and Lamia

The figure of Lilith was adopted and transformed by the Jews during their captivity in Babylon, to the point of putting Lilith as Adam's first wife, as say the Hebrew writings of Ben Sirah (X century midrash) to say: "Yahweh created Lilith, the first woman, as he created Adam, earth and dust."

A similar statement suggesting that Adam and Lilith were created from clay is clear from the Hebrew Torah: "Woman and Man, He created them."

Both fragments from Jewish sacred writings show a Lilith created in the image and likeness of Yahweh and endowed with the same capabilities as Adam, but what happened to Lilith was replaced by Eva as indicated by the Hebrew writings and ignore the biblical texts? The apocryphal gospels and the writings of Yalqut Reubeni give us the key: "Adam and Lilith never found peace together, for when he wanted to sleep with her, Lilith refused, considering that the reclined position he demanded was offensive to her. Why do I have to lie down under you - ask - I was also made of dust and, therefore, I am your equal. We are made equal and we must do the same. "

differences with Adam and his refusal to stand on during sex Lilith, Lilith sparked the flight of the Paradise of the way it is. Lilith invoked the sacred name of Yahweh who, giving it wings, let him fly away from Paradise and definitely away from Adam. But how did Lilith know the sacred name of Yahweh, when he was not even revealed to Moses, to whom Yahweh is presented as "I am who I am. Here is what you will say to the children of Israel: Whoever is sent me to you ? Some authors such as Robert Graves points out that Yahweh was seduced by the beauty and the seductive power Lilith, although the Hebrew writings make no mention in this regard.

Loneliness encourages Adam to seek the help of Yahweh: "Lord of the World, have been abandoned by you put to help me." mourn for Adam's helpless, Yahweh sent the archangels Senoy, Samangelof Sansenoy and the search for Lilith. But Lilith, installed in the Red Sea, where she lived with lascivious demons having come to breed hundreds of children Lilims half-human, half-demons refused to return to the Garden of Eden, saying: "I'd rather throw myself into the Red Sea before to return to Paradise and submit to Adam. " Archangels, confused, respond to the orders of Yahweh: "If you go back to Adam hundred of your children die every day" . She responded the same way: "Kill the sons of men, children are under the danger of my anger for eight days after birth and girls of twenty" . Archangels Lilith stopped pressuring and vowed not to harm any child who carries the picture or the names of these three angels. This seems to arise the origin of the Jewish amulets placed on the neck of newborns.

caracteríticas Some of the Hebrew Lilith and profiles we have seen in Sumerian, Assyrian and mainly Greek, where it already appears as a lustful being nocturnal and feeding on the blood of newborns, however, the continuing evolution of Lilith in the biblical writings. The contradictions of Genesis, the appearance of references to Eve and Lilith in the Old Testament will be discussed in the next entry in the Race of Lilith.

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Greek.

How does the transformation Sumerian iconography of the Lilith Lilith Hebrew and Christian conceived as a demon? Assyrian influences during the second half of the second millennium BC and altered the iconography of the Sumerian Lilith, ignoring its connection with the sexual rites associated with the worship of the goddess Ishtar. During the last decades of Assyrian domination ended the sexual rites held at the temple, thus eliminating the ordination of women and imposing a religion marked by the strong presence of male gods who symbolized and reinforced the image of a centralized political power exclusively in men of royal descent. The

afianziamiento only a male priesthood and the decline of the cult of the goddess Ishtar Lilith stripped of his semi-divine aura, and became depicted as a demonic figure is attributed to the premature death of newborn babies and natural abortions. Lilith leaves der to be the image of fertility to be linked to infertility and death in newborns, an iconography that will retrieve the Talmud and Hebrew biblical texts.
But before dealing with the concept that Jews and Christians held in Lilith, we briefly discuss the image that it adopt the Greeks. The downside to the Assyrians imposed Lilith is now fully established among the Greeks who identify it with Lamia (derivative of Lamastu Sumerian name), a being malicious and comparable to the striga and empusa, all female demons. In the legend, Lamia was the daughter of Poseidon and queen of Libya Sibilia. Lamia had been attracted by her beauty the interest of Zeus with whom he fathered several children, until Hera, Zeus's wife discovered him and took revenge forcing her to eat their own offspring and be condemned to being unable to close her eyes so that was always obsessed with the image of their children dead. But Lamia, instead of going to Zeus and ask for his protection fled, and he ended up denying it even gave the gift to be drawn and eyes to rest. Lamia

had not passed the test the will of the gods had established and, sorrowing, was transformed into a night to be equipped with marine extremities, possibly due to the aqueous nature inherited from his father Poseidon, god the sea. Lamia, feeling envious of other mothers, the children devoured them to feed on blood and curse the life they had been convicted.
The imagery used to represent Greek Lamia as a woman with sea serpent limbs and breasts and female face. This representation, which is closer to the Hebrew and Christian iconography of Lilith that Sumerian image I mentioned in the previous entry, will evolve to show us a primal Eva determined by the biblical Genesis and the Hebrew Talmud bases.

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Lilith, the goddess of wind

The first references to Lilith appears in Sumerian tablets, dated around the third millennium BC, under the name of Lilitu or Lamatsu and surrounded by an extremely far from imagery provided by the Hebrew Talmud and the few biblical references. So what role played Lilitu in Sumerian mythology? According
narrate mythological Sumerian inscriptions, gods and demigods emerged from an infinite ocean that symbolized the primeval chaos giver of life. In those ancient times, Lilith symbolized the female part of one of the demigods Agbal hermaphrodite or flowed from the Abyss to serve the first gods of the depths. Lilith stands as a "spirit of the night wind" (translation or Lamatsu Lilitu Sumerian) whose primary mission was to guard the doors that separated the spiritual from the physical plane, acting therefore as a guide to the wisdom of immortality. It is due to his character that is depicted wearing guiding rings Shem, the oldest symbols showing that an individual has crossed into immortality and wisdom reached the Tree of Knowledge.
Sumerian iconography of Lilith is a young winged girl draws men to the temple of Ishtar for sexual rites with the virgin priestesses of the goddess to achieve a spiritual transformation and regenerate the physical body, thus prolonging the life-threatening. Thus, Lilith as "Hand of Ishtar" men a share of the mysteries of the temple rituals in which they had to exert some influence some kind of alchemy related to the menstrual blood of the priestesses.
Assyrian influences in the second half of the second millennium altered the iconography of Lilith, and subsequent Assyrian legends, is represented by the kings in his hands holding the rod and ring of royal authority, flanked by the Bird Wisdom and Léon, Beastmaster.
Lilith's relationship as a goddess of the wind with the world of classical femininity seems as settled, but how it relates to the iconography of Lilith that appears in the Hebrew Talmud and the Bible written? To this question try to answer in the next entries.

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In one of those endless debates that arise in the school cafeteria, had managed to convince my colleagues that there was a rational explanation for the persecution of women accused of witchcraft in Europe Modern. When I thought I had come out against all conceivable objections to a colleague asked, "Is this explanation relates to the myth of Lilith and the submission of Eve in Genesis Bible?.

expectant face looks the other colleagues who had not heard of the myth of Lilith, the Hebrew Talmud and dozens of gothic novels and RPGs that take Lilith as the original vampire vampire clans of all I had to explain their history, myth or his legend, for what was actually Lilith? A primal Eve? A reinvention Hebrew explaining the origin of women as unclean by nature? A Pandora's box that opens the doors of the forbidden? In this and other questions will try to answer in the lineage of Lilith.